Headcount at Amazon

Headcount at Amazon

Hiring budgets made to feel human, not like a spreadsheet.

Hiring budgets made to feel human, not like a spreadsheet.

In early 2021, we launched Amazon Roster to make it natural to manage headcount and hire to plan. I led in various capacities—research, product strategy, and design—and collaborated with leaders across Amazon to forge our strategic vision and product roadmap.

In early 2021, we launched Amazon Roster to make it natural to manage headcount and hire to plan. I led in various capacities—research, product strategy, and design—and collaborated with leaders across Amazon to forge our strategic vision and product roadmap.

Roster was the inaugural product in an ecosystem designed to optimize the use of operational and financial data across Amazon, setting the standard of healthier digital experiences in the workforce.

Roster was the inaugural product in an ecosystem designed to optimize the use of operational and financial data across Amazon, setting the standard of healthier digital experiences in the workforce.

2020-2024

2020-2024

Year

Disciplines

Human interface design

Interaction design

Design systems

Research

Product strategy

Art direction

What difference did we make?

What difference did we make?

What difference did we make?

What difference did we make?

What difference did we make?

Managers only spend

22 minutes

using Roster each week

Over-hiring reduced to

3%

of the budget

Saving

$4 billion

Annually

Over-hiring reduced to

3%

of the budget

Saving

$4 billion

Annually

Preview

Preview

What prompted us to reimagine hiring?

What prompted us to reimagine hiring?

What prompted us to reimagine hiring?

What prompted us to reimagine hiring?

What prompted us to reimagine hiring?

Over-hiring

Over-hiring

From 2016 to 2020, Amazon grew rapidly. And each year operational expenses increased. A significant amount of those expenses are allocated to headcount and despite this large investment, organizations across Amazon still hired more than they were approved to. Some over-hired by hundreds of employees.


If this continued for another 5 years, it would cost the business $billions.

From 2016 to 2020, Amazon grew rapidly. And each year operational expenses increased. A significant amount of those expenses are allocated to headcount and despite this large investment, organizations across Amazon still hired more than they were approved to. Some over-hired by hundreds of employees.


If this continued for another 5 years, it would cost the business $billions.

How can we make a difference?

How can we make a difference?

How can we make a difference?

How can we make a difference?

How can we make a difference?

To make this experience better, we need to craft a satchel of knowledge, which we will use as our toolkit to build a new world for headcount at Amazon.


The tools in our satchel help us identify and document existing experiences, pain-points, opportunities, and behavioral patterns. To forge these tools, we’ll need to immerse ourselves in the current world of headcount.


To immerse, we’ll need to engage in conversation with the characters who populate this world. So, I craft a study plan, or as I call it, a conversation guide and speak with executive leaders, directors, managers, recruiters, finance, and business partners. The content of the guide is molded by our desired outcome; to gather the materials (data) needed to forge our tools.

To make this experience better, we need to craft a satchel of knowledge, which we will use as our toolkit to build a new world for headcount at Amazon.


The tools in our satchel help us identify and document existing experiences, pain-points, opportunities, and behavioral patterns. To forge these tools, we’ll need to immerse ourselves in the current world of headcount.


To immerse, we’ll need to engage in conversation with the characters who populate this world. So, I craft a study plan, or as I call it, a conversation guide and speak with executive leaders, directors, managers, recruiters, finance, and business partners. The content of the guide is molded by our desired outcome; to gather the materials (data) needed to forge our tools.

Satchel of knowledge

Satchel of knowledge

I’ve written a bit more about creating and using this toolkit for world building.


I’ve written a bit more about creating and using this toolkit for world building.


Post coming soon

Tools in our satchel of knowledge

World map

Map showing the entire experience of headcount, from start to finish.

Character guide

Guide for the jobs our characters do, what and who they rely on, and how they interact with the world.

Level walkthrough

Detailed mini-maps showing details about a character's journey or path. Includes more details than our world map.

For confidentiality, I have lightly outlined the artifacts created to guide product strategy.

Tools in our satchel of knowledge

World map

Map showing the entire experience of headcount, from start to finish.

Character guide

Guide for the jobs our characters do, what and who they rely on, and how they interact with the world.

Level walkthrough

Detailed mini-maps showing details about a character's journey or path. Includes more details than our world map.

For confidentiality, I have lightly outlined the artifacts created to guide product strategy.

Tools in our satchel of knowledge

World map

Map showing the entire experience of headcount, from start to finish.

Character guide

Guide for the jobs our characters do, what and who they rely on, and how they interact with the world.

Level walkthrough

Detailed mini-maps showing details about a character's journey or path. Includes more details than our world map.

For confidentiality, I have lightly outlined the artifacts created to guide product strategy.

Tools in our satchel of knowledge

World map

Map showing the entire experience of headcount, from start to finish.

Character guide

Guide for the jobs our characters do, what and who they rely on, and how they interact with the world.

Level walkthrough

Detailed mini-maps showing details about a character's journey or path. Includes more details than our world map.

For confidentiality, I have lightly outlined the artifacts created to guide product strategy.

Spreadsheets

Spreadsheets

Amazon has been using the spreadsheet to manage headcount since 1994, when Jeff Bezos was in his garage.

As he hires his first employees, he manually writes their names, salaries, and job titles in a spreadsheet. And so it’s been for over two decades. With each manager, a new spreadsheet, shared between business and finance partners.

All of these spreadsheets lack...

Connection

Disconnected systems force humans to identify changes and pass data hand to hand.

Context

Decision makers rely on stale data, leaving them unable to react to changes in their hiring plans.

Priority

Managers would rather prioritize team development over updating their spreadsheets.

Control

Control seems like table stakes, but at the time, it was a policy with no enforcement. It operated independently from the budgeting process, allowing informal interactions, like a passing chat in the hallway, to authorize hiring over budget.


Finance partners find themselves as the primary, albeit overburdened, gatekeepers of budget compliance, highlighting the need for integrated control mechanisms in the tools used for headcount.

All of these spreadsheets lack...

Connection

Disconnected systems force humans to identify changes and pass data hand to hand.

Context

Decision makers rely on stale data, leaving them unable to react to changes in their hiring plans.

Priority

Managers would rather prioritize team development over updating their spreadsheets.

Control

Control seems like table stakes, but at the time, it was a policy with no enforcement. It operated independently from the budgeting process, allowing informal interactions, like a passing chat in the hallway, to authorize hiring over budget.


Finance partners find themselves as the primary, albeit overburdened, gatekeepers of budget compliance, highlighting the need for integrated control mechanisms in the tools used for headcount.

All of these spreadsheets lack...

Connection

Disconnected systems force humans to identify changes and pass data hand to hand.

Context

Decision makers rely on stale data, leaving them unable to react to changes in their hiring plans.

Priority

Managers would rather prioritize team development over updating their spreadsheets.

Control

Control seems like table stakes, but at the time, it was a policy with no enforcement. It operated independently from the budgeting process, allowing informal interactions, like a passing chat in the hallway, to authorize hiring over budget.


Finance partners find themselves as the primary, albeit overburdened, gatekeepers of budget compliance, highlighting the need for integrated control mechanisms in the tools used for headcount.

All of these spreadsheets lack...

Connection

Disconnected systems force humans to identify changes and pass data hand to hand.

Context

Decision makers rely on stale data, leaving them unable to react to changes in their hiring plans.

Priority

Managers would rather prioritize team development over updating their spreadsheets.

Control

Control seems like table stakes, but at the time, it was a policy with no enforcement. It operated independently from the budgeting process, allowing informal interactions, like a passing chat in the hallway, to authorize hiring over budget.


Finance partners find themselves as the primary, albeit overburdened, gatekeepers of budget compliance, highlighting the need for integrated control mechanisms in the tools used for headcount.

How does this make managers feel?

How does this make managers feel?

How does this make managers feel?

Overwhelmed

Overwhelmed

The extra time it takes from their week to stay informed and keep up with hiring workflows is tremendous. They share the impact this has on their career and personal lives; for some missing time with family, friends, further education.

This situation leaves them feeling overwhelmed and forced to make quick decisions with whatever data is available.

The extra time it takes from their week to stay informed and keep up with hiring workflows is tremendous. They share the impact this has on their career and personal lives; for some missing time with family, friends, further education.

This situation leaves them feeling overwhelmed and forced to make quick decisions with whatever data is available.

How does this make managers feel?

How does this make managers feel?

Over-hiring contributes to people leaving

Over-hiring contributes to people leaving

While viewing HR models, I found a correlation between hiring habits and the cost of regretted attrition. Money spent on talent that they want to keep, but inevitably lose.

Feedback from employees who leave shows a clear pattern of poor talent development, workload, and ultimately mis-leveling.

Managers I spoke with mention these issues, sharing stories of how they lost high-performers because another manager over-hired, preventing them from promoting deserving team members to balance an organization’s spending.

What can we do?

What can we do?

What can we do?

What can we do?

Measure impact and importance.

Measure impact and importance.

We use this chart to measure our problems through two distinct lenses:

How important is this to over-hiring and what is its current impact?

How important is this to over-hiring and what is its current impact?

How important is this to the experience that the humans involved have and what is the impact on that experience?

Form a hypothesis.

Form a hypothesis.

If we create a central tool to manage headcount that allows organizations to enforce guardrails on, and reliably track, their hiring budget , then it will remove the administrative burden from managers and deter over-hiring.

Align on the questions that drive us.

Align on the questions that drive us.

We distill down our questions to create a shared tether for our team to design, discuss, conduct technical discovery, prototype different ideas, etc.

By doing so, everyone working on this is progressing in the same direction and exposing more nuanced questions and assumptions that follow that direction.

How might we create a world where...

How might we create a world where...

Starting to hire is fast and easy to understand?

Managers feel confident they have the right information to take action?

Managers effortlessly stay within their organization’s budget for hiring?

Organizations quickly and easily create rules to align hiring with the budget?

Map expectations.

Map expectations.

We need to understand what our characters would expect in an ideal world. We can use our driving questions to do this. For example:

What do managers expect in a hiring experience that is fast and easy to understand?

What do managers expect in a hiring experience that is fast and easy to understand?

Define success.

Define success.

It’s deeply important to clearly define success so that we have a bar to measure against that the entire team is aligned on. This can be used as a gut check in discussions, for iterations, and ultimately for tracking impact post-launch.

It’s deeply important to clearly define success so that we have a bar to measure against that the entire team is aligned on.


This can be used as a gut check in discussions, for iterations, and ultimately for tracking impact post-launch.

Organizations using Roster hire within 5% of their budget

Managers spend 90 minutes or less a week managing headcount

Onboard 25% of Amazon + AWS

What can we do?

What can we do?

Experiment

Experiment

Information architecture

Iteration

Exploring how information is distributed. Some ideas have promise, others exist to challenge our beliefs.

Information architecture

Iteration

Exploring how information is distributed. Some ideas have promise, others exist to challenge our beliefs.

Information architecture

Iteration

Exploring how information is distributed. Some ideas have promise, others exist to challenge our beliefs.

Information architecture

Iteration

Exploring how information is distributed. Some ideas have promise, others exist to challenge our beliefs.

New mental model

We landed on a simpler mental model, retaining focus on the end goal of hiring within budget.

Prototyping

With each exploration, I focused on building prototypes to quickly learn from our characters in their moment of need by providing divergent frames (glimpses at alternatives to their world) and having them immerse.


When you change the frames, you change the behavior.


This is how we unlock and understand what drives our characters to do something.

With each exploration, I focused on building prototypes to quickly learn from our characters in their moment of need by providing divergent frames (glimpses at alternatives to their world) and having them immerse.


When you change the frames, you change the behavior.


This is how we unlock and understand what drives our characters to do something.

Launch

Launch

100% adoption

By the end of 2021, every organization across Amazon and AWS was using Roster.

By the end of 2021, every organization across Amazon and AWS was using Roster.

100% adoption

Effortlessly check in

Effortlessly check in

Know what positions are left to hire, which to start hiring for first, and quickly get specific when needed.

Start hiring

Start hiring

Creating a job post has never been easier. By using available data from across Amazon, we can fill out most details on behalf of a manager.

What difference did we make?

What difference did we make?

What difference did we make?

Managers only spend

22 minutes

using Roster each week

Over-hiring reduced to

3%

of the budget

Over-hiring reduced to

3%

of the budget

Saving

$4 billion

Annually

Going further

Going further

This initial launch had tremendous impact, but all software is an infinite experiment and we got a few things wrong.

We teamed up with Amazon Bedrock to improve on these opportunities and organically enhance the entire experience through the lens of intentional AI.

I teamed up with Amazon Bedrock to improve on our opportunities and organically enhance the entire experience through the lens of intentional AI.

Learn more

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